Answer: - Romanticism: An artistic and literary movement from the late 18th century that celebrated imagination and individual emotions.
- Jethro Tull: An inventor in the 1700s who created the seed drill, a machine that helped with planting seeds more efficiently.
- Eli Whitney: An inventor in the 1800s who created the cotton gin, a machine that separated cotton seeds from the fibers, although it did not effectively reduce slavery.
- Utopia: An ideal and perfect society.
- Socialism: A political ideology that believes the community as a whole should benefit from economic profits.
- Bessemer Process: A process used to produce steel by removing impurities from iron.
- Louis Pasteur: A scientist famous for inventing pasteurization, making dairy products safer to consume.
- Adam Smith: A Scottish economist known for his book "An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations."
- Karl Marx: A political theorist who introduced the idea of communism.
- Capitalism: An economic and political system where industries and trade are controlled by private entities.
- Nation-State: A state made up of citizens who share a common culture, language, and descent.
- Popular Sovereignty: The authority of the people to govern themselves.
- Congress of Vienna: A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 to resolve issues after the Napoleonic Wars and French Revolutionary Wars.
- Otto von Bismarck: A Prussian statesman who governed from the 1860s to 1890 and played a key role in German unification.
- Pogrom: Persecution of a religious or ethnic group, often associated with the persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe.
- Serfs: Agricultural laborers who worked on a lord's estate in feudal systems.