Answer: 1. Dred Scott v. Sanford
Step-by-step explanation:
In Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford (1857) Dred Scott was denied his freedom, despite having resided in a territory where slavery was forbidden.
The legal case estated that those of African descent, whether free or slave, could never be United States citizens and consequently had no place in federal court. Furthermore, it denounced the Missouri Compromise (1820) as unconstitutional, boosting the sectional debate and that led to civil war.