European exploration or also known as "colonization" has had an negative and positive effect on Africa's development and economy. During the Berlin conference, European powers met to discuss Africa's boundary lines and did not inform the African people causing major conflict. Predominantly in South Africa, apartheid was an major issue due to colonization. Non-whites were considered "dirty" and whites were treated superior to non-whites. However the European powers also helped Africa's literacy rate by building schools, influencing languages and improved infrastructure Africa originally did not have.