Answer:
The two quantitative elements of process variation are:
a. common cause and special cause.
Explanation:
When a process fails to follow the prescribed process pattern, with reduced productivity, higher costs, longer lead times, and late deliveries, a process variation has occurred. Thus, process variation is a leading cause of quality issues. There are common cause variation, which is inherent in the system itself, and special cause variation, which is caused by external factors outside of the system. Process variations can be reduced by reducing the common and special cause variations, among other steps.