Answer:
d. transformation
Step-by-step explanation:
James G Greeno has propounded three fundamental problems which are related with a specific cognitive or skill mandatory to solve that specific problem. In problems of transformation, which is an initial state, when a problem solver happens to find a sequence of operations that helps transform the initial problem stage into the goal state. This means a problem solver, when starts to solve it, tends to find a solution to a problem gets to know a sequence of operations which lead towards the actual solution.