Final answer:
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai had significant economic, political, and social characteristics.
They were prosperous due to their control of trade routes, had strong centralized governments, and had unique social characteristics.
Step-by-step explanation:
In terms of economic characteristics, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all prosperous due to their control of the trans-Saharan trade routes. They accumulated wealth through taxation on trade and had extensive gold mining operations. Politically, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai all had strong centralized governments ruled by powerful kings. They were also known for their social characteristics such as the spread of Islam, the importance of oral history, and the existence of a complex social hierarchy.
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