Answer:
1. Cost-plus
Step-by-step explanation:
Penetration pricing is when the pricing is set relative to the competition, often slightly lower than the competitors to gain marketing advantage. This does not necessarily ensure a certain gross margin.
Skim pricing is often higher than the market price, reminiscent of high quality or innovative nature of the product. This again may not be a good way to earn a determined margin.
Cost plus pricing is when a certain percentage is added to the costs to come up with the final price. This ensure that the company covers all the costs and then earns a certain percentage of gross margin.
Hope that helps.