Question

The crude association between occupational exposure and lung cancer (outcome) among the study sample was 8.4. When data were stratified by alcohol intake, the associations were 2.2 (for non-drinkers) and 14.5 (for drinkers). Assume that all (crude, and stratified) measures of association were statistically significant. Alcohol use was (use 15% difference rule):

a. An effect modifier
b. A potential confounder
c. A random error
d. A confounder

Answer 1

Option D

Explanation:

This are variables that have relationship with the outcome and exposure that is the confounding effect of alcohol on cancer is the fact that an alcohol consumers are more likely to smoke and smokers are likely to have cancer.