Answer:
b. Calling someone professionally incompetent.
Step-by-step explanation:
Defamation is a situation that happens when an individual makes untrue statements about another person in a way that damages their reputation before society. Defamation per se, in turn, is an act of defamation so cruel that the victim needs no proof to prove that his reputation has been damaged, in which case the defamatory act is so serious that it is not necessary to judge its results. to declare someone guilty. Among the options given in the question above, the only one that cannot be used as an example of defamation per se is "Calling someone professionally incompetent".