Answer:
D. 161.6%
Step-by-step explanation:
We first determinate the cost without the improvement AKA if the training were not done:
32,486 + 20,000 = 52,486 cost without the production improvements
Now we compare this against the actual cost incurred to know the productivity index : 52,486 / 32,486 = 1.6156498 = 161.6%
The cost could been 61.6% higher if it had not made production iimprovements.