Answer:
The correct answer is - b. reformative.
Step-by-step explanation:
Reformative societal movements do seek societal stage, but it is meant to take place during prolonged periods of time for these changes to settle in society better. Reformative movements target the practical side of societal organisation, rather than individual beliefs. For example, the reformative movement in late imperial Russia that was advocating for the abolition of serfdom.
Three other societal movements rather target individual beliefs or practices.
- Alternative societal movements seek to change individual practices, behaviors and thus beliefs, such as movement for conscious waste management with its slogan ‘Reduce, Reuse. Recycle’.
- Revolutionary movement are up for a drastic and fundamental changes both in practical and ideological aspects. For example, French revolution (1789 – 1799) with goal to abolish absolute monarchy.
- Redemptive movements, are primarily targeted on individual beliefs and often have religious nature. Like, Islamization.