Answer:
b. It is effective in dealing with problems as they arise.
Step-by-step explanation:
The bottom-up approach has become well known thanks to quality improvement teams, local action groups, empowerment and performance initiatives, etc. In addition to schemes for proposals and other mechanisms that generate ideas, this approach almost always means working in teams.
The bottom-up approach is usually needed in the following cases:
- it is not clear how to solve the problem(s), so people who are directly affected by the problem(s) should be involved in the process of developing possible solutions;
- some problems are perceived differently 'in the field,' so there are various potential ways to solve them, and because of this, the top-down approach becomes unacceptable.
This approach connects a wide range of skills and knowledge and promotes employee ownership/responsibility.
Suitable for long-term / medium-term changes
Suitable for gradual changes.