Final answer:
Ernest can use posthypnotic suggestion, divided-consciousness theory, social influence theory, and dissociation to explain the validity of Phil's claims about hypnosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ernest can use the following terms to explain the validity of Phil's claims:
a. Posthypnotic suggestion: Ernest can explain that posthypnotic suggestion is a technique where a hypnotized person is given a suggestion during hypnosis, which remains effective even after they have returned to their normal waking state. This suggests that hypnosis is not solely a state of consciousness similar to dreaming, as posthypnotic suggestions have a lasting impact on behavior.
b. Divided-consciousness theory: Ernest can explain that the divided-consciousness theory suggests that hypnosis involves a split in awareness, where a person's attention is divided between different aspects of consciousness. This theory supports the idea that hypnosis is distinct from dreaming, as it involves a different cognitive state.
c. Social influence theory: Ernest can explain that the social influence theory proposes that hypnosis is primarily influenced by social factors, such as the expectations and beliefs of the hypnotized person. Unlike dreaming, which is an individual experience, hypnosis involves the social interaction between the hypnotist and the participant.
d. Dissociation: Ernest can explain that dissociation refers to a separation or division of consciousness. While dreaming involves a different state of consciousness, dissociation in hypnosis goes beyond mere dreaming. Hypnotized individuals can experience a dissociation of sensations, perceptions, and conscious awareness, which is not typically observed during dreaming.