Answer: Choice D
Valid. The inner circle is those who protrice a hocethorn, and the outer circle is those who are dribbed.
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Step-by-step explanation:
Refer to the diagram below. It's a visual representation of what choice D is describing.
The "protrice a hocethorn" circle is denoted as "circle P" or simply "P" for short. While circle D refers to those who are dribbed.
If we throw a dart randomly at the inner circle, then we always will land in the outer circle. This is because the inner circle is completely contained within the outer circle. The inner circle is a subset of the outer circle.
If you land in circle P, then you land in circle D.
But Steve did not land in circle D (premise 2). This must mean he could not possibly have landed in circle P.
This is how we reach the conclusion that he did not protrice a hocethorn
For more information, check out the modus tollens rule. Some logic textbooks may refer to it as "denying the consequent".
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Here's another example of modus tollens
- Premise 1: "If it rains, then the grass gets wet"
- Premise 2: "The grass did not get wet"
- Conclusion: "Therefore, it did not rain"
We can think of the events "it rains" and "the grass got wet" as two dominoes. If the second domino did not fall over, then there's no way the first one did. This is because first one topples the second.