Final answer:
Americans were divided over the War of 1812 due to economic concerns, ethnic and political divisions, and differing views on foreign policy. Federalists feared the impact on trade, while 'war hawks' sought to defend American honor against British aggressions. The resolution of the war helped foster a sense of national pride despite initial opposition.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the period leading up to the War of 1812, Americans were deeply divided over the question of whether to go to war with Great Britain. The British practice of impressment—forcing American sailors to serve on British ships—along with their support for Native American resistance to U.S. expansion, were among the provocations that led to strident calls for war, most loudly from the 'war hawks' like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. However, opposition to the war was strong among Federalists in the Northeast, who were concerned that war would disrupt their maritime trade and economic interests. Additionally, divisions within American society itself, including ethnic tensions and differing allegiances among immigrants, complicated attitudes towards the conflict. This internal strife was significant enough to lead to the Hartford Convention, where some Federalists considered the drastic measure of secession.
President Madison, while personally opposed to war, found himself unable to resolve these issues diplomatically, leading to the U.S. declaration of war in June 1812. The conflict was fraught with difficulties for the U.S., including military unpreparedness and financial strains due to the absence of a national bank. Despite the challenges and a series of military defeats, the conclusion of the war—especially the victory at the Battle of New Orleans—fueled a sense of American pride and identity.