Question

"Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are effector cells that generally reside in barrier tissues, such as the skin, the gut, and the lung. These cells closely resemble subsets of T lymphocytes, but lack a T cell antigen-receptor. Instead, these cells produce their effector molecules following stimulation by:"

Answer 1

Cytokines made by other innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells

Step-by-step explanation:

Innate Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on Dendritic cells and macrophages sense and respond to PAMPs and produce cytokines. Cytokines start the innate immune response.

The cytokines are produced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as peptidoglycan monomers or CpG sequences on bacterial and viral genomes. Cytokines produced in response to pathogen receptors on cell surfaces, such as the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, chemokines and type I interferons that act on leukocytes so as to promote and control early inflammatory responses.