Answer:
d. all of the above
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes or phenomena that cause the air mass to acquire surface-adapted characteristics are solar radiation, vertical convection (when warm air near the earth's surface suddenly lifts into the upper layer of the troposphere and then returns to question). of days), advection (horizontal movement of the air mass when one replaces another of different characteristics) and turbulence.
Regarding air advection, some factors may prevent this phenomenon from happening with a very significant force. These factors are:
- weaker winds
- more oblique (less direct) flow across isotherms
- widely spaced isotherms