Answer:
Operant conditioning
Step-by-step explanation:
Operant conditioning considers that the consequences of a behavior may influence the likelihood that it will recur. If this consequence is pleasant, the frequency of behavior will increase (reinforcement). If the consequence is unpleasant the frequency of the behavior will decrease (punishment).
When a contingency is said to be positive it means that there is a stimulus presentation that may be pleasant or unpleasant, when a contingency is negative it means that there is a removal of an event or stimulus (pleasant or unpleasant).
For this reason, we can assert that cognitive processes in operant conditioning involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.