Answer:
philosophers - People who are learning or teaching philosophy.
geocentric - A model where Earth is in the center of the solar system instead of the sun.
Spheres - A figure that is round and solid. It can also be used to say that something is in somebody's sphere of interests meaning it encompasses it.
heliocentric - A model where the sun is in the center of the solar system.
universal law of gravitation - The law that states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe.
rationalism - In philosophy, it means that reason is the foundation of certainty and not experience.
Scientific method - A method of finding out if the hypothesis is true with experiments, measurements, observations and later modifications of the hypothesis if there is a reason to do so.
Inductive Reasoning - This is when you take premises that are true most of the time to make a conclusion.
Empiricism - All knowledge that we have can be attributed to our senses and experience.
Philosophe - These were intellectuals in 18th century France. The word means philosopher but they were not all philosophers.
separation of powers - A doctrine of constitutional law where executive, legislative, and judicial branches are kept separate.
deism - Deists believe that there is a supreme being but it doesn't intervene inside the universe.
laissez-faire - An economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention.
Authoritarian - Obedience to authority instead of valuing personal freedom.
citizenship - Being a legal citizen of a country
social contract - An agreement between members of a society to cooperate for the betterment of their society
illegitimate - Not permitted by law
generation - Could mean the production of something or people born in the same time period.
Salons - A building or a room where some professions like hairdressers work.
arbitrary - When you base something on your choice instead of an actual reason.