Question

He was chief justice of the Supreme Court 35 years and ruled over many important cases including McCulloch v. Maryland and Marbury v. Madison?

John Marshall


Antonin Scalia


Alexander Hamilton


John Jay

Answer 1

John Marshall was chief justice of the Supreme Court 35 years and ruled over many important cases including McCulloch v. Maryland and Marbury v. Madison.

Step-by-step explanation:

John Marshall was an American politician and lawyer. He was one of the leaders of the Federalist Party, which wanted a strong federal government to regulate the economic life of the new nation. He was a member of the House of Representatives between 1799 and 1800. From 1800 to 1801 he was Secretary of State for the United States. He was nominated by President John Adams for the post of Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1801 after the departure of Oliver Ellsworth. He held the post until his death and became the longest-serving justice in the U.S. Supreme Court's history.

One of the most important judgments Marshall authored was Marbury vs. Madison (1803), which rejected a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on the ground that it violated the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. This judgment is considered to be the most important in American law as it states that the courts may set aside a law that is in violation of the Constitution.

Answer 2

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Step-by-step explanation:

John Marshall became the fourth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1801. He is largely responsible for establishing the Supreme Court's role in federal government.

'Marbury v. Madison'

One of Marshall's first landmark cases was Marbury v. Madison, which established the basis of judicial review. The case went to the Supreme Court in 1803, following a hostile history: Toward the end of John Adams's term (while Marshall was serving as secretary of state), Adams had made William Marbury justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. Instead of handing over the commission to Marbury himself, Marshall left the document for his successor as secretary of state, James Madison, to deliver. However, once Thomas Jefferson, Adams's political adversary, took office as president, Jefferson forbade Madison to deliver the commission because it had been drawn up by Adams's supporters. Marbury responded by filing a lawsuit, requesting that the Supreme Court issue a court order forcing Madison to give the commission to Marbury.

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court lacked the power to make Madison hand over the commission, although he thought that Marbury had the right to have it. In the process, Marshall determined that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789—authorizing the Supreme Court to issue writs to government officials—was unconstitutional. Additionally, he concluded that all laws conflicting with the Constitution should be from then on rendered "null and void." In so doing, Marshall instituted the process of judicial review and, subsequently, positioned the judicial branch as equal to its partners in the American government: the legislative and executive branches.

In 1807, Marshall was involved in another high-profile case when President Thomas Jefferson charged Vice President Aaron Burr with treason. To Jefferson's chagrin, Marshall ruled that the prosecution lacked sufficient evidence to prove treason, and charged Burr with a high misdemeanor instead. Marshall set Burr's bail at $10,000. The high misdemeanor case was later sent to a jury, who, based on new evidence, found Burr not guilty.

'McCulloch v. Maryland'

McCulloch v. Maryland, in 1819, was another of Marshall's notable cases. State banks resented the competition of a new national bank that President Madison had opened in 1816. The State of Maryland imposed a tax on the national bank, which the bank refused to pay. Maryland claimed that nothing in the Constitution gave the federal government the right to open a national bank. However, Marshall ruled in the bank's favor, stating that although the Constitution did not explicitly grant the federal government the right to open the bank, the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution did. The bank was spared, and Maryland was not permitted to charge a tax.