Question

A collection of cell bodies, the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and substantia nigra, modify the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements. Degeneration in which of these cell bodies will cause inappropriate, involuntary movements?

Answer 1

The answer is Substantia nigra

Step-by-step explanation:

Human beings possess a lot of neurons and part of them are characterized because they have a black color and they are located in the Substantia nigra. The black color is a kind of ink given by a pigment called neuromelanin. The neurons located in this part of the brain are in charge of sending signals to the oculomotor and frontal cortex; thanks to it, these neurons control orientation and movement. The Substantia nigra produces dopamine which affects or takes part in the development of some processes such as sleep, learning, memory, attention and behavior, but through the pass of the years, when the body suffers degeneration because is getting older, dopamine starts to dicrease causing some affectations or diseases like Parkinson. In this sense, Substantia nigra will cause inappropriate, involuntary movements since tremblings are one of the main characteristics of this disease and they cannot be controlled.

Answer 2

In all of them

Step-by-step explanation:

Disorders of the Basal Ganglia

"The basal ganglia have historically been considered part of the motor system because of the variety of motor deficits that occur when they are damaged. The types of symptoms that result from basal ganglia disorders can be divided into two classes: dyskinesias, which are abnormal, involuntary movements, and akinesias, which are abnormal, involuntary postures. Because the basal ganglia were once considered to form a separate, “extrapyramidal” motor system, these symptoms are called extrapyramidal disorders."

Further reference: Knierim, James. “Disorders of the Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston.” Disorders of the Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 2019,