Final answer:
The correct statement about lunar phases is that it's possible to have two full moons during January, not February, due to the cycle of lunar phases being about 29.5 days long.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct statement regarding lunar phases is: (B) It is possible to have two full moons during January, but not during February. Given that the cycle of lunar phases, from one full moon to the next, is approximately 29.5 days, it is possible for a month longer than 29 days to have two full moons, referred to as a Blue Moon. This scenario is possible in January, which has 31 days, but not in February, which has 28 or 29 days depending on whether or not it's a leap year.
For the first quarter moon, half of the Moon's illuminated side is visible from Earth, not just one quarter, which dismisses option (A). The time between new moons, known as a synodic month, is about 29.5 days, not two weeks, eliminating (D). While a full moon does indeed rise at sunset, it does not typically rise around midnight, so option (E) is also incorrect. Option (C) is not true because whether it is November or December, the possibility of having two full moons depends solely on the number of days in the month and the timing of the lunar cycle.
Lunar phases are determined by the position and orbit of the Moon relative to Earth and the Sun. The Moon's orbit and rotation periods result in its phases, including the first quarter phase, full moon, and third quarter phase, and influence phenomena like ocean tides.