The reason for the range of energy carried by waves in the electromagnetic spectrum is due to the presence of different frequencies or wavelengths in the spectrum.
Explanation:
Electromagnetic spectrum is composed of waves of different wavelengths and so they will exhibit different frequencies. Based on their different frequencies, the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into bands.
Each frequency range grouped as bands were specified with different names. Each band is a different kind of rays be it gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays, microwaves and radio waves.
So, as the electromagnetic spectrum is a bunch of different kinds of rays with varying frequencies, they can absorb a large range of energies. This is in accordance with the photon energy equation,
where, ν is the frequency of the waves.