Answer:
c. Clear specification of the methods and procedures used is essential.
Step-by-step explanation:
"Publishing rigorous scientific research involves a full description of the methods, materials, procedures, and outcomes. Investigators may fail to provide a complete description of how their study was designed and executed because they may not know how to accurately report the information or the mechanisms are not in place to facilitate transparent reporting."
Reference: Prager, Eric M, et al. “Improving Transparency and Scientific Rigor in Academic Publishing.” Brain and Behavior, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Jan. 2019