Question

Which of the following situation(s) lead to fixation of an allele? Model parameters: Starting frequency of allele A1: 0.5. Starting frequency of allele A2: 0.5. No migration. Mutation rate from A1 to A2: 0.001. Mutation rate from A2 to A1: 0.001. Population size: 100 Model parameters: Starting frequency of allele A1: 1.0. Starting frequency of allele A2: 0.0. Fitness of genotype A1A1: 0.7. Fitness of genotype A1A2: 0..9. Fitness of genotype A2A2: 1.0. Mutation rate from A1 to A2: 0.001. Mutation rate from A2 to A1: 0.001. No migration. No Drift. Model parameters: Starting frequency of allele A1: 0.5. Starting frequency of allele A2: 0.5. Fitness of genotype A1A1: 1. Fitness of genotype A1A2: 0.9. Fitness of genotype A2A2: 0.8. No mutation. Fraction of migrants each generation: 0.05. Frequency of A1 in source populations: 0.9. No Drift Model parameters: Starting frequency of allele A1: 0.3. Starting frequency of allele A2: 0.7. Fitness of genotype A1A1: 1.0. Fitness of genotype A1A2: 0.8. Fitness of genotype A2A2: 0.9. No Mutation. Fraction of migrants each generation: 0.01. Frequency of A1 in source populations: 0.0. No Drift.

Answer 1

In terms of communication, information is expressed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message.

Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a signal). It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication.

Answer 2

We have that scenarios 2, 3, and 4 have the highest likelihood of leading to fixation of an allele based on the combination of selection pressure, migration, and population size.

Model 2:

The Starting frequency: 100% A1, 0% A2.

Then Strong selection pressure for A1A1 genotype (highest fitness).

Has Low mutation rate.

Has No migration or drift.

The Fixation of A1 is highly likely in this scenario because:

Strong selection pressure against A2 favors A1A1 offspring, eliminating A2 over time.

Low mutation rate prevents A2 from re-entering the population significantly.

No migration or drift ensures no external influence on allele frequencies.