Answer:
d. advance directive.
Step-by-step explanation:
Advance directive is a patient-made document containing written instructions. The purpose is to guide the physician's care when the patient is unable to express his or her will. The patient's instructions may be regarding a preference for treating pain if the patient becomes terminally ill, for example. This document also allows the patient's adult child to direct patient care. Importantly, early directive is not the same as the document that allows euthanasia. The purpose of advance directives is not to shorten the lives of patients, but to prevent the useless and painful prolongation of the death process. If desired by the patient, the advance directive serve as an instrument against dysthanasia, that is, against the introduction of treatments unable to bring benefits to people in their later stages of life.