Question

Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) has fewer chlorine atoms than chloroform (CHCl3). Nevertheless, methylene chloride has a larger molecular dipole moment than chloroform. Explain.

Answer 1

Methylene chloride has a larger dipole moment than chloroform due to its molecular geometry and the asymmetric distribution of its polar C-Cl bonds, despite having fewer chlorine atoms.

Step-by-step explanation:

Even though methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) has fewer chlorine atoms than chloroform (CHCl3), it has a larger molecular dipole moment because of its molecular geometry and the distribution of its polar bonds. Methylene chloride has two polar C-Cl bonds on opposite sides of the central carbon atom, creating an asymmetrical molecule with a net dipole moment. In contrast, chloroform has three C-Cl bonds arranged in a more symmetrical fashion around the central carbon atom, causing the bond moments to partially cancel. Therefore, the dipole moments are not simply a matter of counting polar bonds; they also depend heavily on the spatial arrangement of these bonds within the molecule.

Answer 2

Explanation has been given below.

Step-by-step explanation:

• Chloroform has three polar C-Cl bonds. Methylene chloride has two polar C-Cl bonds. So it is expected that chloroform should be more polar and posses higher dipole moment than methylene chloride.
• Two factors are liable for the opposite trend observed in dipole moments of methylene chloride and chloroform.
• First one is the number of hyperconjugative hydrogen atoms present in a molecule. Hyperconjugation occurs with vacant d-orbital of Cl atom. Hyperconjugation amplifies charge separation in a molecule resulting higher dipole moment.
• Methylene chloride has two hyperconjugative hydrogen atoms and chloroform has one hyperconjugative hydrogen atom.Therefore methylene chloride should have higher charge separation as compared to chloroform.
• Second one is induction of opposite polarity in a C-Cl bond by another C-Cl bond in a molecule. Higher the opposite induction of polarity, lower the charge separation in a molecule and hence lower the dipole moment of a molecule.
• Chloroform has three C-Cl bonds and methylene chloride has two C-Cl bonds. Therefore opposite induction is higher for chloroform resulting it's lower dipole moment.