Question

At what points in the progression from gene to protein do these methods act (i.e., what processes do they prevent)

Answer 1

Gene expression regulation includes controls at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, involving mechanisms like activators, repressors, miRNAs, and siRNAs, to ensure proteins are properly synthesized and maintained at necessary levels for cell function.

Step-by-step explanation:

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein. This process is highly regulated at various stages, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional control can involve regulatory proteins known as activators and repressors, which bind to DNA at regulatory elements to either promote or inhibit transcription. Post-transcriptional control can involve mechanisms that affect mRNA stability and translation, such as microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA), which can target mRNA for degradation or impede its translation. Proteins like eif2 are also involved in post-transcriptional control by modulating the translation process in response to cellular needs and conditions.

From a translational and post-translational perspective, regulatory methods may include influencing the initiation of translation, altering the efficiency of the translation machinery, or determining the stability of the final protein product through targeted degradation. Moreover, procedures like mRNA splicing and capping also contribute to gene regulation, ensuring that mature mRNA transcripts are properly processed and ready for translation. The interplay of these mechanisms ensures precise control over protein expression, which is essential for maintaining normal cellular function and preventing diseases such as cancer.

Answer 2

Genes are translated, transcribed and after these two steps, the formation of a protein takes place.

DNA is translated, that is, read, in the form of codes and thanks to the machinery of intracellular transcriptases, after this an RNA is encoded that will be made with the assembly of amino acids that together will form proteins.

Proteins can be structural or functional.

Step-by-step explanation:

There are different methods to intervene in these processes, it can be by means of macromolecules, drugs and also by microbiological factors, that is, by microorganisms such as viruses that take advantage of the human transcription machinery to replicate.