Answer:
The correct answer is option e.
Step-by-step explanation:
Vertical integration refers to the situation when a company expands its operations in several production steps involved in the creation of its product.
If the company expands operation in the supply of raw materials, it is forward integration. If it expands in the creation and/or supply of raw materials, it is backward integration.
If the company expands production within its product or service market it cannot be classified as vertical integration.