Question

CHEMISTRY Topic: Soaps and Detergents

Formulate the equation for obtaining a soap: sodium oleate
Formulate the equation for obtaining a detergent: sodium sulphonate
How soaps and detergents differ

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Answer 1

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Step-by-step explanation:

A. Sodium oleate

You make sodium oleate by neutralizing oleic acid with sodium hydroxide.

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH=CHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH + NaOH ⟶ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH=CHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH + H₂O

B. Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is prepared by the neutralization of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid with sodium hydroxide.

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C₆H₄SO₂OH + NaOH ⟶ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C₆H₄SO₂ONa + H₂O

C. Difference between soaps and detergents

(i) Soap

• Made from natural ingredients
• Surfactant — polar head, nonpolar tail
• Has only a negative end
• Limited applications
• Needs warm water to work
• Leaves film after washing
• Forms a precipitate in hard water

(ii) Detergent

• Made synthetically
• Surfactant — polar head, nonpolar tail
• Can have negative or positive end
• Can be designed for many types of cleaning purposes
• Works on both hot and cold water
• Rinses clear
• No precipitate in hard water