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The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 in the Belarusian city of Brest-Litovsk (then under Russian sovereignty, now Brest) between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Soviet Russia. In the treaty, Russia renounced Finland, Poland, Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Bessarabia, which thereafter came under the control and economic exploitation of the Central Empires. He also handed over Ardahan, Kars and Batumi to the Ottoman Empire. With this treaty, Germany reinforced the western front with Eastern troops. The German defeat in the First World War annulled the treaty, and all Russian losses had been recovered by 1940. Only Finland and Turkey, successor to the Ottoman Empire, retained the territories received in Brest-Litovsk.