Answer:
A) A paraphrase of a chapter in a book.
Step-by-step explanation:
-A) If you are paraphrasing something, you are putting it into your own words. However, the original author and source needs to be recognized, but it does not need to be cited.
-B) Direct quotations must be cited or else it is considered plagiarism (as is most pieces of work without citing).
-C) Encyclopedias have to be cited as well because they are the main source that people are drawing the factual evidence from.
-D) A direct quotation as well.
*Please note that I'm not 100% sure on this answer.