Final answer:
Turkey is a secular democracy with regular elections, whereas Israel is a parliamentary democracy with some religious influences. Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with a powerful king, and Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy with governance based on Islamic law. The nature of government control in these countries differs significantly.
Step-by-step explanation:
The governments of Turkey and Israel differ from those of Jordan and Saudi Arabia in several ways. Turkey is a secular democracy with a constitution and regularly held elections, having welcomed democratic institutions since the 1920s. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, established the republic with westernized reforms such as granting women the right to vote, changing the legal system to a civil code, and adopting a secular society that is not guided by Islamic law.
Israel operates as a parliamentary democracy with a competitive electoral system and practices a separation of religion from state affairs. However, it does have religious influences in some aspects of its family law and education.
In contrast, Jordan, while a constitutional monarchy with a parliament, has a significant role played by the king who holds substantial legislative and executive powers. Saudi Arabia operates under an absolute monarchy with Islamic law as the basis of governance, and it does not have formal democratic institutions or elections.
Despite the differences in their governmental systems, all these countries exercise control over their citizens, a common trait they share with other global governments. However, the nature of that control varies significantly due to the diverse forms of power and authority used in each country.