Question

Researchers from the United Kingdom studied the effect of two breathing frequencies on both performance times and several physiological parameters in front crawl swimming. The breathing frequencies were one breath every second stroke (B2) and one breath every fourth stroke (B4). Subjects were 10 male collegiate swimmers. Each subject swam 200 meters, once with breathing frequency B2 and once on a different day with breathing frequency B4.Step 1: Describe the design of this matched pairs experiment, including the randomization required by this design.A) Each swimmer swims one time using each breathing technique (B2 and B4). A coin is tossed to determine the order in which these techniques are used.B)Each swimmer swims two times using breathing technique B2 or B4. A coin is tossed to determine which technique is used.C)Each swimmer swims one time using breathing technique B2 or B4.D)Each swimmer swims two times using each breathing technique (B2 and B4). A coin is tossed to determine the order in which these techniques are used.Step 2: Could this experiment be conducted using a completely randomized design?A) It is not a completely randomized design.B) In a completely randomized design, the 10 male collegiate swimmers would be assigned randomly to the two treatments, 5 swimmers using technique B2 and the other 5 using technique B4.C) There is not enough information.D) In a completely randomized design, the 10 male collegiate swimmers would be assigned randomly to the two treatments, 6 swimmers using technique B2 and the other 4 using technique B4 or 4 swimmers using technique B2 and the other 6 using technique B4.Step 3: Are there any problems with having swimmers choose their own breathing frequency and then swim 200 meters using their selected frequency?A) If swimmers select their own technique, it would be a randomized controlled trial.B) If swimmers select their own technique, it would be a natural experiment.C) If swimmers select their own technique, it would be not an observational study.D) If swimmers select their own technique, it would be an observational study.

Answer 1

Dam you wrote a whole lot

Answer 2

1. The design of this matched pairs experiment involves swimmers each swimming one time with each breathing technique (B2 and B4), determined by a coin toss to establish the order. The correct option is (A).

2. No, this experiment cannot be conducted using a completely randomized design. The appropriate choice is (A), as the experiment is a matched pairs design where each swimmer is exposed to both treatments (B2 and B4) in a specific order, and randomization occurs in determining this order.

3. If swimmers select their own breathing technique, it would be categorized as a randomized controlled trial. The correct option is (A). This type of experiment involves randomization in assigning subjects to different treatments, ensuring unbiased comparisons between the effects of the two breathing frequencies on swimming performance and physiological parameters.

Step-by-step explanation:

1. The matched pairs design involves each swimmer experiencing both breathing techniques to control for individual variability. Randomization occurs in determining the order of exposure, helping to eliminate potential order effects or biases.

2. A completely randomized design involves random assignment of subjects to different treatments. In this study, since each swimmer experiences both breathing techniques, it is a matched pairs design rather than a completely randomized one.

3. If swimmers choose their own technique, it introduces the possibility of selection bias. To avoid this, a randomized controlled trial is preferred, where the assignment of swimmers to the breathing techniques is random. This ensures that any observed differences in performance and physiological parameters can be attributed to the breathing frequency rather than pre-existing differences among swimmers.

In conclusion, the design choices in this swimming experiment aim to control for individual variability and potential biases, ensuring the validity of comparisons between the effects of the two breathing frequencies.