Answer:
D. All of them are examples of mannerism
Step-by-step explanation:
Mannerist painting is an artistic style that dominated Italy since the end of the High Renaissance (ca. 1530) and lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when it began to be replaced by a more baroque style, but the Nordic mannerism persisted until early of the seventeenth century by much of Europe around the year 1610. It began in the Rome of the popes July II and Leo X, and spread throughout the rest of Italy and Europe.
The term "mannerism" comes from modern maniera (a term that he professes from the Vite de Vasari), referring to those works that were said to have been made in the manner of the great masters of the High Renaissance. The imitation of the works of Leonardo, Rafael and Miguel Ángel causes artificial images to be produced. In a sense, the greatness of these masterpieces closed the way to artistic creativity, and the younger generations had only imitation. It is an art of the time of crisis, both economic and spiritual in the middle of the Protestant Reformation; the various problems are symbolized in the Sack of Rome in 1527. The commissioners are not bourgeois, but the aristocrats, patrons who wanted complicated allegories whose meaning is not always clear. It was an inappropriate style for the religious theme, so in the Counter-Reformation other more appropriate forms were chosen.
There is no attempt to represent reality in a naturalistic way, but it becomes strange, a little distorted, like a whim. The paintings no longer transmit the serene order and balance of the High Renaissance, but they are inclined towards anticlásicas representations, intricate and complicated in their sense. The models adopt complicated postures. They are represented disproportionately, elastic, elongated. The perspective is infinite. Mannerism is refined and difficult to interpret, due both to its intellectual sophistication and to the artificial qualities of representation. The light is not natural but cold and colored in an unnatural way, the same as the colors: they are strange, cold, artificial, violently opposed to each other, instead of leaning on ranges.