Question

Case 2: alex's cat, mr. bigglesworth is terrified of the vacuum cleaner. when alex vacuums near mr. bigglesworth he hisses, arches his back, and swats at the vacuum cleaner. alex has noticed that now, as soon as she gets the vacuum cleaner out, even if it is off, mr. bigglesworth starts growling.

Answer 1

This is an example of classic conditioning. The cat associates the vaccum with the loud sound it makes that scares the cat so even though it's turned off the cat knows from past experiences that it creates the loud sound that terrifies him