Final answer:
The Ottoman Empire sought to modernize in the 19th century by adopting European military tactics, sending delegates to learn from other nations, and embracing Science and Technology by educating their scientists and engineers in Europe.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ottoman Adaptations in the 19th Century
To meet the western challenge, the Ottoman Empire adopted new models during the nineteenth century to modernize its state and military apparatus. Facing threats from both Europe and the Safavids, they made concerted efforts to increase the efficiency of their control over their territories. The Ottomans sent delegations to observe and learn from the systems in place across Europe and Mughal India, as well as hiring European military advisers to help train their soldiers in Istanbul.
In the field of Science and Technology, the Empire sent Ottoman scientists and engineers to European universities to garner knowledge. This education focused on modern sciences and military technologies essential for the Empire's survival. Aspects of European military organization, scientific knowledge, and engineering were adopted and applied back home to aid the Empire's longevity.
The Empire's earlier traditions, like the reliance on Janissaries and the use of advanced weaponry such as muskets and falconets, laid the groundwork for this transition. However, these reforms, though significant, were not able to match the pace of western imperialism, leading to the Empire becoming known as "the Sick Man of Europe" and eventually collapsing after World War I.