The process that allows computers to create, display and store maps electronically is called digital mapping (or digital cartography).
Digital mapping is the process by which a collection of data is compiled and formatted into a virtual image. The primary function of this technology is to produce maps that give accurate representations of a particular area, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest. The technology also allows the calculation of distances from one place to another.
Its primary use is in conjuction with Global Positioning System or GPS.