Mikhail Gorbachev encouraged the political movement called Perestroika to restructure the Soviet political and economic system during the 1980s and 1990s. The measure aimed to allow more independency in the actions taken by the ministries and the market. Although the movement did not intend to command the economy, it was focused on making socialist policies more efficient for the Soviet citizens. He would refer to this process as glasnost, which means openness and transparency.