Importance of a warm-water port to Russia:
If we look at Russia in a map we will notice that it is a vast territory from Baltic Sea in Eastern Europe to Bering Strait in the Pacific. There are only three places that Russia can directly trade with the wider world: the Pacific (Vladivostok), the Baltic (St. Petersburg) and the Black Sea (Crimea).
On the north to Russia lies Artic Sea which is frozen all through out the year and shipping is only possible in summer time. Whereas a warm water port is the one where water does not freeze in winter time and because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest for Russia.
Russia has for centuries tried to reach warm waters of Indian Ocean. It has fought wars for reaching Persian Gulf. The reason is obvious. The trade route will be shorter and trade will remain active all round the year.
Major ideas of John Locke
John Locke is one of most influential poticial philosopher of modern times. He conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
In his Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch
Definition of Oligarchy:
It is a form of power structure where power rests with the small number of people. These people may be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious, political, or military control.
Or
A small group of people who control the country or an organization.
The first English Parliament was convened in 1215, with the creation and signing of the Magna Carta, which established the rights of barons (wealthy landowners) to serve as consultants to the king on governmental matters in his Great Council. House of Commons was created in 1341 during the reign of Edward III.
Britain was an oligarchy with power in the hands of the wealthy landowners and rich merchants. George III (1760-1820) tried to control government more directly than his predecessors. However he lost support after the North American colonies were lost and later he went mad.