The answer is: d. Res ipsa loquitur and negligence per se
Both res ipsa loquitur and negligence per se are philosophies to differentiate which situations are considered as negligence.
Res ipsa loquitur would only acknowledge a negligence claim only if accidents/damage has occurred..
Negligence per se on the other hand acknowledge a negligence if there is a proof that the accused has violate a certain type of regulation.