Copernicus: The Heliocentric Theory. A model of the universe as revolving around the sun. Challenged the existing view of Earth as the center of the universe.
Galileo: Galilean Invariance and discovery of Isochronism in pendulums.
Kepler: Three Laws of Planetary Motion. These were used by Isaac Newton to develop his theory of universal gravitation.
Bacon: Novum Organum, New Atlantis and The Advancement of Learning
Descartes: Invented the Cartesian coordinate system, developed analytic geometry and laid the foundation for the development of calculus.
Newton: Discovery of Universal gravitation (gravity), and the developement of the three laws of motion which form the basic principles of modern physics.
Ana de Osorio: Founder of the first feminist association, the Grupo Português de Estudos Feministas (Portuguese Group of Feminist Studies) in 1907
Andreas Vesalius: Founder of modern anatomy. His major work, "De humani corporis fabrica", is a milestone in scientific progress.