Final answer:
The Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, not Parliament, as a last effort to reconcile, while also preparing for possible war due to British aggressions such as declaring Massachusetts in rebellion and King George III's rejection of the petition.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III rather than the British Parliament as a final attempt to avoid escalating conflict and reconcile with the British Crown. The petition emerged from a context of escalating tensions, including hostile actions by British forces and legislative moves by Parliament that were perceived as aggressive, such as declaring Massachusetts in rebellion and enforcing trade restrictions on the New England colonies.
Despite the desire for peace represented by the Olive Branch Petition, the Second Continental Congress recognized the potential for further hostilities and therefore began preparations for defense, including the creation of a continental army under the command of George Washington. This decision was influenced by the assertion of British dominion, which included provocative actions such as the battles of Lexington and Concord, the implementation of martial law in Virginia, and the declaration by King George III that a state of rebellion existed.
The Olive Branch Petition was ultimately rejected by King George III, and it became clear that the hope for a peaceful resolution was diminishing, propelling the colonies closer to the fight for independence.