Tolerance ranges – Different types of organisms have different tolerance ranges for the same factor. And in fact, the tolerance range of a single individual may change over time; individuals of a certain species of salmon, for example, start life in a freshwater stream, migrate out to the open ocean, and then come back to their home stream to reproduce.
Geographic range- Describes the spatial area where a species is found. Studies on the processes determining geographic range patterns address fundamental questions, which are very much at the heart of ecological research, on distribution and abundance of species. Geographic ranges are influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors.