Final answer:
The Maya and Aztec civilizations excelled in astronomy and mathematics, developing complex calendars and using the number zero in their numerical systems. Their astronomical expertise allowed them to predict eclipses and schedule important events. Despite the Spanish conquest, their intellectual legacy continues to be explored through modern research.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Maya and Aztec civilizations were renowned for their numerous contributions to astronomy and mathematics. Despite the tragic loss of their texts during the Spanish conquest, enough evidence has survived to demonstrate their profound understanding of these disciplines. The Maya implemented a numerical system which included the innovative use of the number zero, facilitating complex arithmetic and geometrical insights.
They were able to predict solar eclipses accurately and developed a highly sophisticated and detailed calendar system based on cycles, including the solar year and the Calendar Round, which played a significant role in their rituals and historical record-keeping. Astronomical observations, particularly regarding Venus, were crucial for them. The positioning of Venus helped to dictate the timing of significant events like battles, suggesting an intertwining of their scientific and religious practices.
The Aztecs shared a similar depth in astronomical understanding, viewing the universe through their metaphysical concept of teotl, a godlike force that fueled life and reality. This knowledge and the skills derived from it, such as engineering technologies, were almost lost due to Spanish conquest, but modern anthropology and archaeology have helped to rediscover the extent of their scientific advancements.