Final answer:
Children whose parents do not establish appropriate limits tend to have less self-control. This is seen with permissive parenting styles, which can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. The authoritative parenting style is generally associated with the most positive child development outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
When parents do not set appropriate limits or boundaries on children, it typically leads to less self-control among the children. This outcome is closely associated with the permissive style of parenting, where parents make few demands and rarely use punishment. Notwithstanding the occasional positive outcomes like higher self-esteem and better social skills, children with too little discipline are more likely to struggle with self-discipline, which can negatively affect their performance academically and their overall behavior. Moreover, a lack of parental involvement can leave children emotionally withdrawn, with increased risk for anxiety, substance abuse, and poor performance in school.
An ideal balance is found in authoritative parenting, where parents provide reasonable demands and consistent limits, coupled with warmth and affection. This approach has been linked to positive outcomes such as high self-esteem and good social skills. Conversely, an uninvolved parenting style, where parents are indifferent or neglectful, can have severe negative impacts on a child's development.