11. DNA & RNA are types of Nucleic acid.
Nucleic acid:
Nucleic acid is a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,
12. Light energy from the sun is transferred through all organisms in an ecosystem.
Light energy affects water temperature, biological processes (such as the relationship between predators and prey) and plant photosynthesis and growth. Under natural conditions light is controlled by topography, cloudiness, vegetation cover, and seasonal patterns, like less daylight in the winter.
13. Plants produce glucose during Photosynthesis.
Plants, unlike animals, can make their own food. They do this using a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose from simple inorganic molecules – carbon dioxide and water – using light energy.
14. In glycolysis , glucose is used to make ATP.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine.
15. Cellular respiration is the usable form of energy for cells.
Cellular respiration consists of a series of chemical reactions that enable organisms to take glucose and transform it into a more easily usable form of energy. Plants and animals both use cellular respiration. Plants make their own glucose for the reaction, but animals must consume other organisms to get glucose.
16. A _Gene is a segment of DNA coding for a specific protein.
Gene:
A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
17. Different forms of a gene are called Alleles.
Alleles:
Alleles are two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
18. According to law of independent assortment, 2 alleles for each trait separate during meiosis.
Law of independent assortment:
Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. It states that random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation. The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.
19. During DNA Replication, DNA follow Chargaff's pairing rules.
During DNA replication, each of the two strands in double-stranded DNA acts as a template to produce two new strands. Replication relies on complementary base pairing, that is the principle explained by Chargaff's rules:
adenine (A) always bonds with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) always bonds with guanine (G).
20. ______ Transcription_____________ is the process of making mRNA from DNA.
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
21. ______ translation___________ is the process of making proteins from mRNA.
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
22. tRNA , one of the three types of RNA, brings in amino acids.
transfer RNA / tRNA:
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA(mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
23. rRNA , one of the three types of RNA, is structural component of ribosome.
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is approximately 60% rRNA and 40% protein by weight, or 3/5 of ribosome mass.
24. mRNA , one of the three types of RNA, carries genetic messages out of nucleus to ribosome since DNA can’t leave nucleus.
mRNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
25. Biodiversity is enormously important to the survival of species because it allows populations to better handle environmental variables, such as weather extremes, changes in food supply, or disease.
Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. For example, A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops. Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms.