Final answer:
Garibaldi's manifesto turned the Italian unification into a popular struggle against tyranny by winning popular support through promises of land distribution and tax suspension. In contrast, Treitschke based the German claim to Alsace and Lorraine on historical grounds, prioritizing national unity over local wishes. The two figures represent different interpretations of nationalism—one for liberation and the other for state strengthening.
Step-by-step explanation:
Giuseppe Garibaldi's manifesto transformed the war for unification in southern Italy into a popular campaign by portraying the struggle as a battle against tyranny. Garibaldi, a romantic nationalist, and revolutionary, was adept at inspiring the masses, suspending taxes, and promising to divide large estates among the peasants to gain support. This approach won him the backing of Sicilian peasants and even the gradual support of Sicilian landowners, contributing to the further success of his campaign and the eventual unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.
Heinrich von Treitschke based the German claim to Alsace and Lorraine on historical, linguistic, and strategic grounds, contending it was 'proper' to ignore the wishes of the local population because these territories were integral to the German nation. Treitschke's nationalism focused on uniting all German-speaking peoples and reclaiming what was deemed historically German land, regardless of the desires of the current inhabitants.
The contrast between Garibaldi's goal of popular liberation through nationalism and Treitschke's view of nationalism as a way to reclaim lost regions of a national homeland reflects the diverse ways nationalism was interpreted and utilized in the context of 19th-century European unification efforts. Garibaldi saw unification as a means to free people from foreign rule, while Treitschke saw it as a way to strengthen the German state by consolidating its 'rightful' territories.