Question

In what ways did the ottoman Turks signal who was part of their universe of obligation and who was not? What can history teach us about what can happen when some individuals and groups fall outside of a nations universe of obligation?

Answer 1

The Ottoman Turks signaled their universe of obligation through the millet system, which categorized subjects based on religious affiliation. History shows that when individuals and groups fall outside of a nation's universe of obligation, they can face marginalization and discrimination.

Step-by-step explanation:

The Ottoman Turks signaled who was part of their universe of obligation and who was not in several ways. One way was through their millet system, which categorized the empire's subjects based on religious affiliation. Orthodox Christians, Jews, and other religious groups were granted certain rights and protections, but they were also required to pay special taxes and maintain their own internal governance. Muslims, on the other hand, were considered full members of the Ottoman community and enjoyed greater privileges.

History teaches us that when some individuals or groups fall outside of a nation's universe of obligation, they can be marginalized, discriminated against, or even persecuted. In the case of the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslim subjects faced limitations on their rights and opportunities, as well as religious and cultural pressure to assimilate. This created tensions and conflicts within the empire and contributed to its eventual decline. Similar patterns can be seen in other historical examples, such as apartheid in South Africa or the treatment of indigenous peoples in various colonial contexts.

Answer 2

During the early Middle Ages, however, Europeans laid the foundations of a more dynamic society. Regional states became the basis for a stable political order. New tools and technolo- gies led to increased agricultural production and economic growth. The missionary efforts of the western Christian church brought cultural and religious unity to most of Europe. During the "high Middle Ages" of European history—the period from about 1000 to 1300 C.E.—European peoples built a vibrant and powerful society on the political, economic, and cultural founda- tions laid during the early Middle Ages.

Step-by-step explanation: