Answer and Explanation:
Scarecrow: This fallacy occurs when one person creates a false argument about the other, so that it is easier to point out a lie as a statement about the other person's speech. Example: Martha stated that she does not agree with the position of the President of Brazil on the country's social policies. So Pedro accused her of hoping that Brazil will go through a strong economic recession, since the president is more concerned with the economy.
Appeal to emotion: When the individual tries to manipulate a logical and valid argument with emotional and invalid appeals to validate his position. Example: Amy refused to eat her broccoli salad, but her father said she thought of all the kids who wanted to have a broccoli salad to eat, but are hungry every day.
Ad hominem: Occurs when a person prefers to attack the opponent in a debate highlighting personal traits, rather than refuting the argument given by that person. Example: Martha states that using the electronic ballot box is the best way to count the votes in an election. So john asks his listeners if they would really take into account the argument of a woman over 30 who is not married, like Martha.
Personal unbelief: It occurs when a person does not understand how something works and therefore treats it as a lie. Example: Amy claims that all vaccines contain weakened or deactivated biological agents to stimulate the immune system to act. Then Peter asked if she really thought he would believe that lie that it was possible to disable or weaken a biological agent that is not even visible.
Burden of proof: Occurs when an individual, instead of proving that his argument is right, challenges his opponent to prove that the argument is wrong: Peter claims that the planet earth is flat and that no one has a photo proving that the earth is not it's flat, his argument is correct.